PEL academic writing 340-AS1-1PWR

Co-ordination and subordination
• Co-ordination and parallel structures / co-ordinators and conjunctive expressions / co-ordination of clauses and lesser constituents / constraints on co-ordination
• Subordination: finite, non-finite, verbless clauses/ subordinators
Types of verb complementation
• that-clause, -ing participle clause, -ed-participle, to-infinitive clause, bare infinitive clause
• gerund v. participle
• verb patterns and dependent prepositions
Noun clauses – functions of noun clauses (subject, object, complement, appositive)
Relative (adjectival) clauses – defining and non-defining / relative pronouns / punctuation / formal v. informal / cleft structure / co-ordinate relative clauses

Adverbial clauses - time, concession, purpose, result, comparison, etc. / linking devices / formal v. informal linkers

Conditional sentences
• The sequence of tenses / time v. tense
• Conditional sentences; type 0, type 1 , type 2, type 3, mixed conditionals
• Special uses of "will/ would" and "should" in if-clauses
• Inversion in conditional structures
• Conjunctions (if, suppose, in case, unless ...)
• Conditionals in reported speech

Subjunctive / putative ‘should’
Indirect speech
• Statements / questions in reporting
• The sequence of tenses (backshift) and other changes (pronouns, expressions of time and place)
• Subjunctives in indirect speech (wish, would rather/sooner, it is time)
• Modal verbs / infinitive and gerund constructions
• Other verbs introducing sentences in indirect speech / exclamations /
Emphatic structures
• Inversion – grammatical/ stylistic
• Cleft sentences